פרק 12: האם ניתן לסמוך על הקונצנזוס הביו-רפואי? הטיות, ניגודי עניינים וכסף גדול, אבל ממש גדול

רשימת מקורות

  1. Merzon E, Manor I, Rotem A, et al. ADHD as a Risk Factor for Infection With Covid-19. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2021/11/01 2020;25(13):1783-1790. doi:10.1177/1087054720943271
  2. Angell M. Drug Companies & Doctors: A Story of Corruption. The New York Review. Last retrieved on April 17, 2023 from https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/01/15/drug-companies-doctorsa-story-of-corruption/?lp_txn_id=1446565; 2009.
  3. Kruglanski AW, Webster DM. Motivated closing of the mind:“Seizing” and “freezing”. The motivated mind. 2018:60-103.
  4. NIMH. The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) website. Last retrieved on September 23, 2021 from: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/funding/clinical-research/practical/mta/the-multimodal-treatment-of-attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-study-mtaquestions-and-answers#Molina; 2009.
  5. Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, et al. The MTA at 8 years: prospective follow-up of children treated for combined-type ADHD in a multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2009;48(5):484-500.
  6. FACT.MR. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Therapeutics Market Outlook (2024 to 2034). FACT.MR. Last retrieved on April 7, 2024 from: https://www.factmr.com/report/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-therapeutics-market; 2024.
  7. Sayed A, Ross JS, Mandrola J, Lehmann LS, Foy AJ. Industry Payments to US Physicians by Specialty and Product Type. JAMA. 2024;331(15):1325-1327. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.1989
  8. Bui AL, Dieleman JL, Hamavid H, et al. Spending on children’s personal health care in the United States, 1996-2013. JAMA pediatrics. 2017;171(2):181-189.
  9. Cohen E, Hall M, Lopert R, et al. High-Expenditure Pharmaceutical Use Among Children in Medicaid. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20171095. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-1095
  10. Qato DM, Alexander GC, Guadamuz JS, Lindau ST. Prescription Medication Use Among Children and Adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics. 2018;142(3):e20181042. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-1042
  11. Chai G, Governale L, McMahon AW, Trinidad JP, Staffa J, Murphy D. Trends of Outpatient Prescription Drug Utilization in US Children, 2002–2010. Pediatrics. 2012;130(1):23. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-2879
  12. Schwarz A. ADHD nation: Children, doctors, big pharma, and the making of an American epidemic. Simon and Schuster; 2017.
  13. Whitaker R, Cosgrove L. Psychiatry under the influence: Institutional corruption, social injury, and prescriptions for reform. Springer; 2015.
  14. Whitaker R. Anatomy of an epidemic: Psychiatric drugs and the astonishing rise of mental illness in America. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. 2005;7(1):23.
  15. Hadland SE, Cerdá M, Earlywine JJ, Krieger MS, Anderson TS, Marshall BDL. Analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing of Stimulants, 2014 Through 2018. JAMA Pediatrics. 2020;174(4):385-387. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5526
  16. Goupil B, Balusson F, Naudet F, et al. Association between gifts from pharmaceutical companies to French general practitioners and their drug prescribing patterns in 2016: retrospective study using the French Transparency in Healthcare and National Health Data System databases. BMJ. 2019;367:l6015. doi:10.1136/bmj.l6015
  17. DeJong C, Aguilar T, Tseng C-W, Lin GA, Boscardin WJ, Dudley RA. Pharmaceutical Industry–Sponsored Meals and Physician Prescribing Patterns for Medicare Beneficiaries. JAMA Internal Medicine. 2016;176(8):1114-1122. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2765
  18. Gotzsche P. Deadly Medicines and Organised Crime: How Big Pharma Has Corrupted Healthcare. Radcliffe, London and New York. 2013;
  19. Lenzer J. Why we can’t trust clinical guidelines. BMJ : British Medical Journal. 2013;346:f3830. doi:10.1136/bmj.f3830
  20. Kooij JJS, Bijlenga D, Salerno L, et al. Updated European Consensus Statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD. European psychiatry. 2019;56:14-34.
  21. Lenzer J. Review launched after Harvard psychiatrist failed to disclose industry funding. BMJ. 2008;336(7657):1327. doi:10.1136/bmj.39609.364688.DB
  22. Harris G, Carey B. Researchers fail to reveal full drug pay. New York Times: New York Times, Last retrieved on August 26, 2021 from:  https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/08/us/08conflict.html; 2008.
  23. AACAP. Conflicts of Interest Not Listed in Practice Parameters. The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP). Last retrieved on July 26, 2023 from: https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Resources_for_Primary_Care/Practice_Parameters_and_Resource_Centers/Conflicts_of_Interest_for_Practice_Parameters_Not_Listed_in_Parameter.aspx#:~:text=He%20serves%20or%20has%20served%20as%20a%20consultant%20to%20the,Pharmaceuticals,%20Validus,%20and%20WebMD.; 2023.
  24. Siena LM, Papamanolis L, Siebert MJ, Bellomo RK, Ioannidis JPA. Industry Involvement and Transparency in the Most Cited Clinical Trials, 2019-2022. JAMA Network Open. 2023;6(11):e2343425-e2343425. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.43425
  25. Davis LC, Diianni AT, Drumheller SR, et al. Undisclosed financial conflicts of interest in DSM-5-TR: cross sectional analysis. bmj. 2024;384
  26. Cunningham L, Ractliffe W. Medicating Normal – A Documentary Film. Last retrieved on June 7, 2024 from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ4F_ZF3u9M; 2020.
  27. Jureidini J, McHenry LB. The illusion of evidence based medicine. BMJ. 2022;376:o702. doi:10.1136/bmj.o702
  28. Howick J. Exploring the asymmetrical relationship between the power of finance bias and evidence. Perspectives in biology and medicine. 2019;62(1):159-187.
  29. Zuger A. A Drumbeat on Profit Takers. The New York Times. Last retrieved on August 3, 2023 from: https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/20/science/a-drumbeat-on-profit-takers.html; 2012.
  30. Ophir Y, Shir-Raz Y, Zakov S, McCullough PA. The Efficacy of COVID-19 Vaccine Boosters against Severe Illness and Deaths: Scientific Fact or Wishful Myth? Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 2023;28(1)doi:https://www.jpands.org/vol28no1/ophir.pdf
  31. Netflix. Painkiller. Netflix, Inc. US.; 2023.
  32. Eisenberg L. Commentary with a historical perspective by a child psychiatrist: when "ADHD" was the "brain-damaged child". 2007;(1044-5463 (Print))
  33. Netflix. Take Your Pills. Netflix, Inc. US. ; 2018.
  34. Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, et al. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents–assessment of adverse events in non‐randomised studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018;(5)
  35. Ophir Y, Shir-Raz Y. Manipulations and Spins in Attention Disorders Research: The Case of ADHD and COVID-19. Ethical Hum Psychol Psychiatry. 2020;22:98-113. doi:10.1891/EHPP-D-20-00024
  36. Pievsky MA, McGrath RE. Neurocognitive effects of methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2018;90:447-455.
  37. Dickersin K, Chan S, Chalmersx TC, Sacks HS, Smith H. Publication bias and clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials. 1987/12/01/ 1987;8(4):343-353. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(87)90155-3
  38. McCrabb S, Mooney K, Wolfenden L, et al. “He who pays the piper calls the tune”: Researcher experiences of funder suppression of health behaviour intervention trial findings. PloS one. 2021;16(8):e0255704.
  39. Ritchie S. Science fictions: How fraud, bias, negligence, and hype undermine the search for truth. Metropolitan Books; 2020.
  40. Cosgrove L, Krimsky S, Vijayaraghavan M, Schneider L. Financial ties between DSM-IV panel members and the pharmaceutical industry. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2006;75(3):154-160.
  41. Whitaker R. Anatomy of an Industry: Commerce, Payments to Psychiatrists and Betrayal of the Public Good. Mad in America. Last retrieved on September 28, 2021, from: https://www.madinamerica.com/2021/09/anatomy-industry-commerce-payments-psychiatrists-betrayal-public-good/?fbclid=IwAR2xyMWzXnl9gj5zcb8i-W-Sv0Uw2nznx5WcZfql4COozFweJrNeiPEErr8; 2021.
  42. Sterne JAC, Hernán MA, Reeves BC, et al. ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ. 2016;355:i4919. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4919
  43. Nigg JT. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and adverse health outcomes. Clinical psychology review. 2013;33(2):215-228.
  44. Hoogman M, Bralten J, Hibar DP, et al. Subcortical brain volume differences in participants with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: a cross-sectional mega-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(4):310-319.
  45. Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Madras BK, et al. In vivo neuroreceptor imaging in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a focus on the dopamine transporter. Biological psychiatry. 2005;57(11):1293-1300.
  46. Bobb AJ, Castellanos FX, Addington AM, Rapoport JL. Molecular genetic studies of ADHD: 1991 to 2004. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30086. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 2006/09/05 2006;141B(6):551-565. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30086
  47. Samea F, Soluki S, Nejati V, et al. Brain alterations in children/adolescents with ADHD revisited: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of 96 structural and functional studies. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2019;
  48. Boland H, DiSalvo M, Fried R, et al. A literature review and meta-analysis on the effects of ADHD medications on functional outcomes. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2020/04/01/ 2020;123:21-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.01.006
  49. Firestone P, Musten LM, Pisterman S, Mercer J, Bennett S. Short-term side effects of stimulant medication are increased in preschool children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 1998;8(1):13-25.
  50. נובורטיס ישראל. עלון לצרכן לפי תקנות הרוקחים של תרופת הריטלין. נובורטיס פארמה, בזל, שווייץ. עלון זה נבדק ואושר על-ידי משרד הבריאות בפברואר 2017.; 2017.
  51. Hollis C, Chen Q, Chang Z, et al. Methylphenidate and the risk of psychosis in adolescents and young adults: a population-based cohort study. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(8):651-658.
  52. Merzon E, Weiss MD, Cortese S, et al. The Association between ADHD and the Severity of COVID-19 Infection. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2022/02/01 2021;26(4):491-501. doi:10.1177/10870547211003659
  53. Steen RG. Retractions in the scientific literature: is the incidence of research fraud increasing? Journal of medical ethics. 2011;37(4):249-253.
  54. Simmons JP, Nelson LD, Simonsohn U. False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological science. 2011;22(11):1359-1366.
  55. Boutron I, Ravaud P. Misrepresentation and distortion of research in biomedical literature. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(11):2613-2619.
  56. Al-Marzouki S, Roberts I, Marshall T, Evans S. The effect of scientific misconduct on the results of clinical trials: a Delphi survey. Contemporary clinical trials. 2005;26(3):331-337.
  57. רשת 13. אנשים עם הפרעות קשב וריכוז – בסיכון גבוה לחלות בקורונה. רשת 13, העולם הבוקר. נדלה לאחרונה בתאריך 19.7.23 מאתר: https://13tv.co.il/item/news/haolam-haboker/season-01/clips/aemsj-2042106/; 2020.
  58. Merzon E, Gutbir Y, Vinker S, et al. Early Childhood Shigellosis and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Population-Based Cohort Study with a Prolonged Follow-up. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2021/11/01 2020;25(13):1791-1800. doi:10.1177/1087054720940392
  59. Merzon E, Tworowski D, Gorohovski A, et al. Low plasma 25 (OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID‐19 infection: an Israeli population‐based study. The FEBS journal. 2020;287(17):3693-3702.
  60. Ophir Y, Shir-Raz Y. Discrepancies in Studies on ADHD and COVID-19 Raise Concerns Regarding the Risks of Stimulant Treatments During an Active Pandemic. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry. 2022;25(1)doi:10.1891/EHPP-2022-0011
  61. Ophir Y, Shir-Raz Y. “Beware, Scientology Related”: How ADHD Experts Silence Criticism. Mad In America. Last retrieved on July 26, 2023 from: https://www.madinamerica.com/2022/09/adhd-experts-silence-criticism/; 2022.
  62. Ophir Y, Shir-Raz Y. CAUTION: Spin Ahead! There is No Evidence That Psychostimulants Reduce the Risk for Infection with COVID-19. Mad In America. Last retrieved on July 26, 2023 from: https://www.madinamerica.com/2020/09/spin-ahead-stimulants-covid/; 2020.
  63. Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(17):1663-1665.
  64. Woodall MNJ, Cujba A-M, Worlock KB, et al. Age-specific nasal epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Microbiology. 2024/05/01 2024;9(5):1293-1311. doi:10.1038/s41564-024-01658-1
  65. Wolraich ML, Doffing MA. Pharmacokinetic Considerations in the Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder with Methylphenidate. CNS Drugs. 2004/04/01 2004;18(4):243-250. doi:10.2165/00023210-200418040-00004
  66. Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020/08/01 2020;584(7821):430-436. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4
  67. Clerkin KJ, Fried JA, Raikhelkar J, et al. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2020;141(20):1648-1655.
  68. Cortese S, Coghill D, Santosh P, Hollis C, Simonoff E. Starting ADHD medications during the COVID-19 pandemic: recommendations from the European ADHD Guidelines Group. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2020;4(6):e15.
  69. Kousik SM, Napier TC, Carvey PM. The effects of psychostimulant drugs on blood brain barrier function and neuroinflammation. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2012;3:121-121. doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00121
  70. Sajja RK, Rahman S, Cucullo L. Drugs of abuse and blood-brain barrier endothelial dysfunction: A focus on the role of oxidative stress. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. 2016;36(3):539-554.
  71. Kocaman C, Işık O, Arslan G, Aksüyek E, Şiraneci R. Ischemic stroke associated with the use of short term oral methylphenidate. Gülhane Tip Dergisi. 2006;48(3):169.
  72. Millichap J. Effect of Methylphenidate on the Immune System. Pediatric Neurology Briefs. 1997;11(8)
  73. Carrico AW, Johnson MO, Morin SF, et al. Stimulant use is associated with immune activation and depleted tryptophan among HIV-positive persons on anti-retroviral therapy. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2008;22(8):1257-1262.
  74. Khansari DN, Murgo AJ, Faith RE. Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunology today. 1990;11:170-175.
  75. Merzon E, Weiss MD, Cortese S, et al. The Association between ADHD and the Severity of COVID-19 Infection. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2021:10870547211003659. doi:10.1177/10870547211003659
  76. Mikulic M. Global pharmaceutical industry – statistics & facts. Statista. Last retrieved on September 14, 2023 from: https://www.statista.com/topics/1764/global-pharmaceutical-industry/#editorsPicks; 2023.
  77. Boutron I, Altman DG, Hopewell S, Vera-Badillo F, Tannock I, Ravaud P. Impact of spin in the abstracts of articles reporting results of randomized controlled trials in the field of cancer: the SPIIN randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(36):4120-4126.
  78. Boutron I, Haneef R, Yavchitz A, et al. Three randomized controlled trials evaluating the impact of “spin” in health news stories reporting studies of pharmacologic treatments on patients’/caregivers’ interpretation of treatment benefit. BMC medicine. 2019;17(1):105.
  79. Stroebe W, Postmes T, Spears R. Scientific misconduct and the myth of self-correction in science. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2012;7(6):670-688.
  80. Cumming G. The New Statistics: Why and How. Psychological Science. 2014/01/01 2013;25(1):7-29. doi:10.1177/0956797613504966
  81. Healy D. Serotonin and depression. British Medical Journal Publishing Group; 2015.
  82. Barkley RA. This is how you treat ADHD based off science, Dr Russell Barkley part of 2012 Burnett Lecture. keynote lecture at the 2012 Burnett Seminar for Academic Achievement, last retrieved on November 16, 2021, from:  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_tpB-B8BXk0; 2012.
  83. Leo J, Lacasse JR. The New York Times and the ADHD Epidemic. Society. 2015/02/01 2015;52(1):3-8. doi:10.1007/s12115-014-9851-5
  84. NPR. Merck Tries to Move Beyond Vioxx Debacle – Interview with Dr. Catherine DeAngelis, Editor in Chief of JAMA. National Public Radio (NPR). Last retrieved on July 24, 2023 from: https://www.npr.org/2007/11/12/16211947/merck-tries-to-move-beyond-vioxx-debacle; 2007.

 

בחזרה לעמוד הראשי של רשימת המקורות של הספר, לחצו כאן. 

גלילה לראש העמוד
דילוג לתוכן